Design of an IoT-Based Smart Pole for Detecting Manipulation of Plantation Boundary Markers
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.68129/jeis.v1i2.10Keywords:
IoT, Smart pole, Boundary marker monitoring, GNSS, LoRa, HMC5883LAbstract
Boundary markers are vulnerable to displacement and manipulation, while conventional inspection methods are unable to provide real-time monitoring. This study proposes an Internet of Things (IoT)-based Smart Pole system integrating a uBlox NEO-M8N GNSS module, HMC5883L magnetometer, LoRa EBYTE E32 communication, SIM7600G-H cellular gateway, and a solar-powered subsystem for autonomous boundary marker monitoring. System performance was evaluated through sensor accuracy, communication reliability, and integrated testing. Results showed that the GPS module achieved an average positioning error of 1.60 m (89.33% accuracy), while the HMC5883L achieved an average orientation error of 3.11%, with a maximum MAE of 1.70° and RMSE of 2.05°. The LoRa EBYTE E32 achieved an average PDR of 97.75% with 2.25% packet loss, whereas the SIM7600G-H gateway achieved a 97.0% success rate with 3.0% communication error. The solar subsystem, consisting of a 30 W photovoltaic panel and a 12 V 7.5 Ah SLA battery, provided stable autonomous operation. Integrated testing confirmed reliable detection of displacement and orientation changes, real-time dashboard visualization, and Telegram alert delivery. These results demonstrate that the proposed Smart Pole is a reliable and energy-autonomous solution for real-time plantation boundary marker monitoring.
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